Salient features of the Indian constitution

The original provisions of constitution, adopted on 1949 have undergone various changes, especially under 42nd ammendment act 1976.this ammendment is regarded as mini constitution ,due to important and large number of changes madte by it in various parts of constitution.
The salient features of Indian constitution are as follows.
1) Lengthiest written constitution.
Indian constitution is Lengthiest written constitution in the world. It originally had only 395 articles which were divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules, but its growing and has 448 articles divided in 25 parts and 12 schedules.
2) Drawn from various sources.
The structural part is to a large extent derived from government of India act 1935,the philosophical from America and Irish constructions and political part from British construction.
3) parliamentary form of government.
It means, government is elected by people and ministers (representatives of people) take all decision on behalf of people.its also called as responsible government, cabinet gornment and Westminster model of government.(Westminster is place in Landon where British parliament is situated)
4)Both rigidity and flexibility present.
A rigid constitution means it needs special procedure for its ammendment. By flexibility it can be in the same manner as the ordinary laws are made.
5) Federal system with unitary bais.
Indian constitution consist all features of a federation I,e division of power,two governments, written constitution, supremacy and regidity of constitution etc. But it has also non-federal or unitary features I,e single constitution, single citizenship , intigrated judiciary, flexibility of constitution, appointment of state governor etc.
6) independent and integrated judiciary.
Judiciary is an independent organ. The expenses of supreme court are charged on consolidated fund of india.there is also prohibition on discussion on the conduct of judges in legislature etc.
7) Directives principles of state policy.
These principles are ment for promotion of ideal of social and economic democracy. They seek to establish welfare state in India.
Dr. B R Ambedkar, described these principles as novel features of Indian constitution.
Dpsp and fundamental rights contain the philosophy and soul of the constitution.
8) Fundamental rights.
These are considered as consensus of Indian constitution.these rights are not beyond interface or criticism.these are not absolute and can be reasonable restricted.they can be replaced by parliament through amendments.they can also be suspended during operation of national emergency, except articles 20 and 21 . However these are justifiable in nature
9) Fundamental duties.
These duties were added to constitution of india during the operation of internal emergency (1976-77) ,by 42nd ammendment act of 1976.these duties were added on recommendation of swaran Singh committee.there are currently 11 fundamental duties present in Indian constitution.
10)three tier government.
It was adopted to indian constitution by 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment act 1992.
11) Secular state.
It means all citizens of India has liberty of faith,belief and worship and constitution does not promote any religion as state religion.the term secular was added to the preamble of indian constitution by 42nd constitutional amendment act of 1976.

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